kraks vejviser 1934 handelsvejviser

7 a oo-operative arrangement, and the joint purchasing socicties likewise play a prominent part in this respect. Connected with this principal industry there is a large number of research institutions, laboratories, controlling bodies etc. undertaking scientific experiments for the im- provement of the soil, new methods of cultivation, control of seed, investigation of plant diseases, heredity research, milk yielding etc. etc. and in addition there is also a large number of special technical schools. Danish Industries. As already stated the industrial development in Den­ mark commenced later than that of agriculture, but on the other hånd it has taken place more rapidly. As latc ns in 1880 agriculture claimcd 41.4 % of the population and industry proper only 26 %, whereas now thcse two bran­ ches of trade each employ approximatcly the same figure viz: about 30 %. The figures given in thé table below from the first in­ dustrial census and that last taken in Denmark show the • • development which has taken place in the last 28 years from 1897—1925. Danish industries and handicrafts: 1897 1906 1914 1925*) Number of establish- ments ... f ................... 77,256 85,118 82,494 84,112 Total number employed 270,622 315,219 350,194377,952 Number of workmen.. 176,608 206,592 227,458260,715 Works driven by me- chanical power .... 3,856 6,730 15,579 24,859 ITorse-power of machinery ................ 48,057 113,270 229,843418,833 *) Thø increasø due to the incorporation of thø Slesvig torritory in 1920 has not høen includod in thoso and thø following figures. The number of workmen employed in industrial under­ takings during this period has increased by 47 % where­ as the number of concerns has increased by only 8 %, a clear indication that n progressive concentration is taking place. The concentration manifests itself especially by the faet that the number of firms employing more than 100 hånds rose from 165 in 1897 to 312 in 1925, and during the same period the number of hånds employed increased from 52,000 to 82,000, or by 156 %. Of these large concentrated activities there are several where the wholé or at all events the greater part of the production of the country is do- minated by one single company, this being the case, for instance, with regard to spirits, paper, matches, glass, sugar etc. Notwithstanding this the number of quite small con­ cerns continues to be very large; in 1925 there were 41,642, or about half the total number, carried on exelusively by the proprietor alone, and in 35,722 concerns there were only from one to five workmen employed in each business. The question here concerns principally handicraft firms especially in the building and connected trades. There are, however, amongst thcse small concerns many of a dis- tinctly industrial character. Industrial development in Denmark commenced so late that the use of gas and electricity offered a greater advantage than steam in Diany branches, and, as a consequence of this, Danish industry has in several even important fields acquired in s ome measure the character of small-scale operations. The small concerns by utilizing electricity and availing them­ selves of modern speciality machines often permit of an equally great economic exploitation as large-scale in­ dustry, and moreover there is the additional advantage

which the more direct supervision of the principal stands for with regard to the high standard of quality of the pro- duct. Butter for instance, Denmark’s principal export article is delivered by some 1400 co-operative dairies, but also in many other branches manufacturing single parts in series, or where personal taste imparts value to the ob- jeet, the small concern is fully competitive also on the world market. The inereasing industrial character both in small and large activities is seen in the greater application of me- chanical power. The number of concerns utilizing such power (wind and water power exeluded) was in 1925 more than six times as large as in 1897, the aggregate machinery power at the same time having increased eight- fold. In view of the close connexion of the industrial develop­ ment with that of agriculture it follows that a very large part of the industrial undertakings are occupied in the finishing of agricultural products. In 1925 over one sixth of the total number of industrial employees were engaged in the manufacture of foodstuffs, and about one third of the whole machinery power (i.e.H.P.) was used in this branch. Under tbis heading falls the making of butter, cheese, condensed milk and cream, casein, bacon and other slaughter-house products, conserves, flour and meal, biseuits, sugar, coffee substitutes, beer, spirits etc. The high stage of development of the foodstuff indus­ tries has given rise to a number of other industries for the manufacture of auxiliary appliances etc. in connexion with the transportation and sale of these goods, for in­ stance staves for casks, tins, buekets, bags, packing cases, bottles, corks, crown corks, binder twine etc., and more­ over speciality machinery, implements and auxiliary materials in the service of agriculture itself, for instance ploughs, harrows, sowing machines, addle spreaders, beet- lifters, milking machines, electrical articles and plant for agricultural purposes, fertilizers and fodder cakes. Like­ wise for use in the agricultural industry: Centrifugals, miils and milistones, refrigerating machinery and plant, bakery ovens and accessories, beer-bottling machines, ap- paratuses for spirit distilleries, breweries, slaughteries and tanneries, butter-colour, cheese rennet etc. The great con- sumption in all these fields on the home market has developed a Wholesale production in these industries which now forms the basis of a large export trade. There has also developed on basis of the other compa- ratively few national raw materials a considerable ce­ ment and cement goods industry, lime and tile works, chi- naware and faience factories, siliceous earth, flint peb- bles etc. A considerable export trade also takes place in these branches. In connexion with the other trades of the country such as shipping, fishery, means of transportation by land, building and connected industries, and con.sequent upon the growth of the towns which invariably accompanies indu­ strial development, other large groups of industries have arisen, amongst which should be mentioned shipbuilding, the manufacture of motors and dynamos of all kinds, nautical and other instruments, boats and fishing nets, cranes and lifts, railway material, autocars, electric cables and electrical articles of various kinds, machinery for road construction, insulation materials, stoves and other cast goods for building purposes. Vessels engined with Danish Diesel motors trade on all seas, and in all parts of the world Danish engineering firms construct harbours, bridges, railways and factories